Playwright

Playwright E2E Testing Skill

---

progressivedisclosure: entrypoint: summary: "Modern E2E testing framework with cross-browser automation and built-in test runner" whentouse:

• "When testing web applications end-to-end"
• "When needing cross-browser testing"
• "When testing user flows and interactions"
• "When needing screenshot/video recording"

quick_start:

• "npm init playwright@latest"
• "Choose TypeScript and test location"
• "npx playwright test"
• "npx playwright show-report"

token_estimate: entry: 75-90 full: 4200-5200 ---

Overview

Playwright is a modern end-to-end testing framework that provides cross-browser automation with a built-in test runner, auto-wait mechanisms, and excellent developer experience.

Key Features

• Auto-wait: Automatically waits for elements to be ready
• Cross-browser: Chromium, Firefox, WebKit support
• Built-in runner: Parallel execution, retries, reporters
• Network control: Mock and intercept network requests
• Debugging: UI mode, trace viewer, inspector

---

Installation

# Initialize new Playwright project
npm init playwright@latest

# Or add to existing project
npm install -D @playwright/test

# Install browsers
npx playwright install

Configuration

// playwright.config.ts
import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test';

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: './tests',
  fullyParallel: true,
  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: 'html',

  use: {
    baseURL: 'http://localhost:3000',
    trace: 'on-first-retry',
    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
  },

  projects: [
    {
      name: 'chromium',
      use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] },
    },
    {
      name: 'firefox',
      use: { ...devices['Desktop Firefox'] },
    },
    {
      name: 'webkit',
      use: { ...devices['Desktop Safari'] },
    },
    {
      name: 'Mobile Chrome',
      use: { ...devices['Pixel 5'] },
    },
  ],

  webServer: {
    command: 'npm run start',
    url: 'http://localhost:3000',
    reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
  },
});

Fundamentals

Basic Test Structure

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

test('basic test', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://example.com');

  // Wait for element and check visibility
  const title = page.locator('h1');
  await expect(title).toBeVisible();
  await expect(title).toHaveText('Example Domain');

  // Get page title
  await expect(page).toHaveTitle(/Example/);
});

test.describe('User authentication', () => {
  test('should login successfully', async ({ page }) => {
    await page.goto('/login');
    await page.fill('[name="username"]', 'testuser');
    await page.fill('[name="password"]', 'password123');
    await page.click('button[type="submit"]');

    await expect(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard');
    await expect(page.locator('.welcome-message')).toContainText('Welcome');
  });

  test('should show error for invalid credentials', async ({ page }) => {
    await page.goto('/login');
    await page.fill('[name="username"]', 'invalid');
    await page.fill('[name="password"]', 'wrong');
    await page.click('button[type="submit"]');

    await expect(page.locator('.error-message')).toBeVisible();
    await expect(page.locator('.error-message')).toHaveText('Invalid credentials');
  });
});

Test Hooks

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

test.describe('Dashboard tests', () => {
  test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
    // Run before each test
    await page.goto('/dashboard');
    await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle');
  });

  test.afterEach(async ({ page }) => {
    // Cleanup after each test
    await page.close();
  });

  test.beforeAll(async ({ browser }) => {
    // Run once before all tests in describe block
    console.log('Starting test suite');
  });

  test.afterAll(async ({ browser }) => {
    // Run once after all tests
    console.log('Test suite complete');
  });

  test('displays user data', async ({ page }) => {
    await expect(page.locator('.user-name')).toBeVisible();
  });
});

Locator Strategies

Best Practice: Role-based Locators

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

test('accessible locators', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/form');

  // By role (BEST - accessible and stable)
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' }).click();
  await page.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Email' }).fill('user@example.com');
  await page.getByRole('checkbox', { name: 'Subscribe' }).check();
  await page.getByRole('link', { name: 'Learn more' }).click();

  // By label (good for forms)
  await page.getByLabel('Password').fill('secret123');

  // By placeholder
  await page.getByPlaceholder('Search...').fill('query');

  // By text
  await page.getByText('Welcome back').click();
  await page.getByText(/hello/i).isVisible();

  // By test ID (good for dynamic content)
  await page.getByTestId('user-profile').click();

  // By title
  await page.getByTitle('Close dialog').click();

  // By alt text (images)
  await page.getByAltText('User avatar').click();
});

CSS and XPath Locators

test('CSS and XPath locators', async ({ page }) => {
  // CSS selectors
  await page.locator('button.primary').click();
  await page.locator('#user-menu').click();
  await page.locator('[data-testid="submit-btn"]').click();
  await page.locator('div.card:first-child').click();

  // XPath (use sparingly)
  await page.locator('xpath=//button[contains(text(), "Submit")]').click();

  // Chaining locators
  const form = page.locator('form#login-form');
  await form.locator('input[name="email"]').fill('user@example.com');
  await form.locator('button[type="submit"]').click();

  // Filter locators
  await page.getByRole('listitem')
    .filter({ hasText: 'Product 1' })
    .getByRole('button', { name: 'Add to cart' })
    .click();
});

Page Object Model

Page Class Pattern

// pages/LoginPage.ts
import { Page, Locator } from '@playwright/test';

export class LoginPage {
  readonly page: Page;
  readonly usernameInput: Locator;
  readonly passwordInput: Locator;
  readonly submitButton: Locator;
  readonly errorMessage: Locator;

  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page;
    this.usernameInput = page.getByLabel('Username');
    this.passwordInput = page.getByLabel('Password');
    this.submitButton = page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Log in' });
    this.errorMessage = page.locator('.error-message');
  }

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto('/login');
  }

  async login(username: string, password: string) {
    await this.usernameInput.fill(username);
    await this.passwordInput.fill(password);
    await this.submitButton.click();
  }

  async expectErrorMessage(message: string) {
    await this.errorMessage.waitFor({ state: 'visible' });
    await expect(this.errorMessage).toHaveText(message);
  }
}

// pages/DashboardPage.ts
export class DashboardPage {
  readonly page: Page;
  readonly welcomeMessage: Locator;
  readonly logoutButton: Locator;

  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page;
    this.welcomeMessage = page.locator('.welcome-message');
    this.logoutButton = page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Logout' });
  }

  async waitForLoad() {
    await this.welcomeMessage.waitFor({ state: 'visible' });
  }

  async logout() {
    await this.logoutButton.click();
  }
}

// tests/auth.spec.ts
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
import { LoginPage } from '../pages/LoginPage';
import { DashboardPage } from '../pages/DashboardPage';

test('successful login flow', async ({ page }) => {
  const loginPage = new LoginPage(page);
  const dashboard = new DashboardPage(page);

  await loginPage.goto();
  await loginPage.login('testuser', 'password123');

  await dashboard.waitForLoad();
  await expect(dashboard.welcomeMessage).toContainText('Welcome');
});

Component Pattern

// components/NavigationComponent.ts
import { Page, Locator } from '@playwright/test';

export class NavigationComponent {
  readonly page: Page;
  readonly homeLink: Locator;
  readonly profileLink: Locator;
  readonly searchInput: Locator;

  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page;
    const nav = page.locator('nav');
    this.homeLink = nav.getByRole('link', { name: 'Home' });
    this.profileLink = nav.getByRole('link', { name: 'Profile' });
    this.searchInput = nav.getByPlaceholder('Search...');
  }

  async navigateToProfile() {
    await this.profileLink.click();
  }

  async search(query: string) {
    await this.searchInput.fill(query);
    await this.searchInput.press('Enter');
  }
}

User Interactions

Form Interactions

test('form interactions', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/form');

  // Text inputs
  await page.fill('input[name="email"]', 'user@example.com');
  await page.type('textarea[name="message"]', 'Hello', { delay: 100 });

  // Checkboxes
  await page.check('input[type="checkbox"][name="subscribe"]');
  await page.uncheck('input[type="checkbox"][name="spam"]');

  // Radio buttons
  await page.check('input[type="radio"][value="option1"]');

  // Select dropdowns
  await page.selectOption('select[name="country"]', 'US');
  await page.selectOption('select[name="color"]', { label: 'Blue' });
  await page.selectOption('select[name="size"]', { value: 'large' });

  // Multi-select
  await page.selectOption('select[multiple]', ['value1', 'value2']);

  // File uploads
  await page.setInputFiles('input[type="file"]', 'path/to/file.pdf');
  await page.setInputFiles('input[type="file"]', [
    'file1.jpg',
    'file2.jpg'
  ]);

  // Clear file input
  await page.setInputFiles('input[type="file"]', []);
});

Mouse and Keyboard

test('mouse and keyboard interactions', async ({ page }) => {
  // Click variations
  await page.click('button');
  await page.dblclick('button'); // Double click
  await page.click('button', { button: 'right' }); // Right click
  await page.click('button', { modifiers: ['Shift'] }); // Shift+click

  // Hover
  await page.hover('.tooltip-trigger');
  await expect(page.locator('.tooltip')).toBeVisible();

  // Drag and drop
  await page.dragAndDrop('#draggable', '#droppable');

  // Keyboard
  await page.keyboard.press('Enter');
  await page.keyboard.press('Control+A');
  await page.keyboard.type('Hello World');
  await page.keyboard.down('Shift');
  await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
  await page.keyboard.up('Shift');

  // Focus
  await page.focus('input[name="email"]');
  await page.fill('input[name="email"]', 'test@example.com');
});

Waiting Strategies

test('waiting strategies', async ({ page }) => {
  // Wait for element
  await page.waitForSelector('.dynamic-content');
  await page.waitForSelector('.modal', { state: 'visible' });
  await page.waitForSelector('.loading', { state: 'hidden' });

  // Wait for load state
  await page.waitForLoadState('load');
  await page.waitForLoadState('domcontentloaded');
  await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle');

  // Wait for URL
  await page.waitForURL('**/dashboard');
  await page.waitForURL(/\/product\/\d+/);

  // Wait for function
  await page.waitForFunction(() => {
    return document.querySelectorAll('.item').length > 5;
  });

  // Wait for timeout (avoid if possible)
  await page.waitForTimeout(1000);

  // Wait for event
  await page.waitForEvent('load');
  await page.waitForEvent('popup');
});

Assertions

Common Assertions

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

test('assertions', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/dashboard');

  // Visibility
  await expect(page.locator('.header')).toBeVisible();
  await expect(page.locator('.loading')).toBeHidden();
  await expect(page.locator('.optional')).not.toBeVisible();

  // Text content
  await expect(page.locator('h1')).toHaveText('Dashboard');
  await expect(page.locator('h1')).toContainText('Dash');
  await expect(page.locator('.message')).toHaveText(/welcome/i);

  // Attributes
  await expect(page.locator('button')).toBeEnabled();
  await expect(page.locator('button')).toBeDisabled();
  await expect(page.locator('input')).toHaveAttribute('type', 'email');
  await expect(page.locator('input')).toHaveValue('test@example.com');

  // CSS
  await expect(page.locator('.button')).toHaveClass('btn-primary');
  await expect(page.locator('.button')).toHaveClass(/btn-/);
  await expect(page.locator('.element')).toHaveCSS('color', 'rgb(255, 0, 0)');

  // Count
  await expect(page.locator('.item')).toHaveCount(5);

  // URL and title
  await expect(page).toHaveURL('http://localhost:3000/dashboard');
  await expect(page).toHaveURL(/dashboard$/);
  await expect(page).toHaveTitle('Dashboard - My App');
  await expect(page).toHaveTitle(/Dashboard/);

  // Screenshot comparison
  await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot('dashboard.png');
  await expect(page.locator('.widget')).toHaveScreenshot('widget.png');
});

Custom Assertions

test('custom matchers', async ({ page }) => {
  // Soft assertions (continue test on failure)
  await expect.soft(page.locator('.title')).toHaveText('Welcome');
  await expect.soft(page.locator('.subtitle')).toBeVisible();

  // Multiple elements
  const items = page.locator('.item');
  await expect(items).toHaveCount(3);
  await expect(items.nth(0)).toContainText('First');
  await expect(items.nth(1)).toContainText('Second');

  // Poll assertions
  await expect(async () => {
    const response = await page.request.get('/api/status');
    expect(response.ok()).toBeTruthy();
  }).toPass({
    timeout: 10000,
    intervals: [1000, 2000, 5000],
  });
});

Authentication Patterns

Storage State Pattern

// auth.setup.ts - Run once to save auth state
import { test as setup } from '@playwright/test';

const authFile = 'playwright/.auth/user.json';

setup('authenticate', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/login');
  await page.fill('[name="username"]', 'testuser');
  await page.fill('[name="password"]', 'password123');
  await page.click('button[type="submit"]');

  await page.waitForURL('/dashboard');

  // Save authentication state
  await page.context().storageState({ path: authFile });
});

// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  projects: [
    {
      name: 'setup',
      testMatch: /.*\.setup\.ts/,
    },
    {
      name: 'chromium',
      use: {
        ...devices['Desktop Chrome'],
        storageState: authFile,
      },
      dependencies: ['setup'],
    },
  ],
});

// tests/dashboard.spec.ts - Already authenticated
test('view dashboard', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/dashboard');
  // Already logged in!
  await expect(page.locator('.user-menu')).toBeVisible();
});

Multiple User Roles

// fixtures/auth.ts
import { test as base } from '@playwright/test';

type Fixtures = {
  adminPage: Page;
  userPage: Page;
};

export const test = base.extend({
  adminPage: async ({ browser }, use) => {
    const context = await browser.newContext({
      storageState: 'playwright/.auth/admin.json',
    });
    const page = await context.newPage();
    await use(page);
    await context.close();
  },

  userPage: async ({ browser }, use) => {
    const context = await browser.newContext({
      storageState: 'playwright/.auth/user.json',
    });
    const page = await context.newPage();
    await use(page);
    await context.close();
  },
});

// tests/permissions.spec.ts
import { test } from '../fixtures/auth';

test('admin can access admin panel', async ({ adminPage }) => {
  await adminPage.goto('/admin');
  await expect(adminPage.locator('.admin-panel')).toBeVisible();
});

test('regular user cannot access admin p

…

## Source & license

This open-source skill is cataloged on AgentStack and links to its original source — we do not rehost the code.

- **Author:** [bobmatnyc](https://github.com/bobmatnyc)
- **Source:** [bobmatnyc/claude-mpm-skills](https://github.com/bobmatnyc/claude-mpm-skills)
- **License:** MIT

Install and usage instructions live in the source repository linked above.