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SKILL verified MIT Self-run

Golang Patterns

skill-xu-xiang-everything-claude-code-zh-golang-patterns · by xu-xiang

构建健壮、高效且可维护 Go 应用程序的惯用法(Idiomatic Go)、最佳实践与规范。

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Install

$ agentstack add skill-xu-xiang-everything-claude-code-zh-golang-patterns

✓ scanned · ✓ verified, works with Claude Code, Cursor, and more.

Security review

✓ Passed

No issues found. Passed automated security review. · v0.1.0 How review works →

  • Prompt-injection patterns
  • Secret / credential exfiltration
  • Dangerous shell & filesystem operations
  • Untrusted network calls
  • Known-malicious package signatures

What it can access

  • Network access Used
  • Filesystem access No
  • Shell / process execution No
  • Environment & secrets Used
  • Dynamic code execution No

From automated source analysis of v0.1.0. “Used” means the capability is present in the source — more access means more to trust, not that it’s unsafe.

View the full security report →

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Reliability & compatibility

Security review passed
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6mo ago

Declared compatibility

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Compatibility is declared by the source manifest. End-to-end runtime verification is coming, see below.

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About

Go 开发模式(Go Development Patterns)

用于构建健壮、高效且可维护应用程序的惯用法与最佳实践。

何时启用

  • 编写新的 Go 代码时
  • 评审 Go 代码时
  • 重构现有 Go 代码时
  • 设计 Go 软件包(Package)/ 模块(Module)时

核心原则

1. 简单与清晰

Go 倾向于简单而非巧妙。代码应当直观且易读。

// Good: 清晰且直接
func GetUser(id string) (*User, error) {
    user, err := db.FindUser(id)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("get user %s: %w", id, err)
    }
    return user, nil
}

// Bad: 过于巧妙
func GetUser(id string) (*User, error) {
    return func() (*User, error) {
        if u, e := db.FindUser(id); e == nil {
            return u, nil
        } else {
            return nil, e
        }
    }()
}

2. 让零值(Zero Value)变得有用

在设计类型时,应确保其零值无需显式初始化即可直接使用。

// Good: 零值很有用
type Counter struct {
    mu    sync.Mutex
    count int // 零值为 0,可直接使用
}

func (c *Counter) Inc() {
    c.mu.Lock()
    c.count++
    c.mu.Unlock()
}

// Good: bytes.Buffer 可以直接使用零值
var buf bytes.Buffer
buf.WriteString("hello")

// Bad: 需要初始化
type BadCounter struct {
    counts map[string]int // nil map 会引发 panic
}

3. 接受接口(Interface),返回结构体(Struct)

函数应当接收接口参数并返回具体类型。

// Good: 接收接口,返回具体类型
func ProcessData(r io.Reader) (*Result, error) {
    data, err := io.ReadAll(r)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return &Result{Data: data}, nil
}

// Bad: 返回接口(无谓地隐藏了实现细节)
func ProcessData(r io.Reader) (io.Reader, error) {
    // ...
}

错误处理模式(Error Handling Patterns)

带有上下文的错误包装(Error Wrapping)

// Good: 使用上下文包装错误
func LoadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
    data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("load config %s: %w", path, err)
    }

    var cfg Config
    if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &cfg); err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse config %s: %w", path, err)
    }

    return &cfg, nil
}

自定义错误类型

// 定义领域特定错误
type ValidationError struct {
    Field   string
    Message string
}

func (e *ValidationError) Error() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("validation failed on %s: %s", e.Field, e.Message)
}

// 常见情况的哨兵错误(Sentinel errors)
var (
    ErrNotFound     = errors.New("resource not found")
    ErrUnauthorized = errors.New("unauthorized")
    ErrInvalidInput = errors.New("invalid input")
)

使用 errors.Is 与 errors.As 进行错误检查

func HandleError(err error) {
    // 检查特定错误
    if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
        log.Println("No records found")
        return
    }

    // 检查错误类型
    var validationErr *ValidationError
    if errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
        log.Printf("Validation error on field %s: %s",
            validationErr.Field, validationErr.Message)
        return
    }

    // 未知错误
    log.Printf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
}

永不忽略错误

// Bad: 使用空白标识符忽略错误
result, _ := doSomething()

// Good: 处理错误或显式记录为何可以安全忽略
result, err := doSomething()
if err != nil {
    return err
}

// Acceptable: 当错误确实无关紧要时(罕见)
_ = writer.Close() // 尽力清理,错误已在别处记录

并发处理模式(Concurrency Patterns)

工作池(Worker Pool)

func WorkerPool(jobs  0 {
            sb.WriteString(",")
        }
        sb.WriteString(p)
    }
    return sb.String()
}

// Best: 使用标准库
func join(parts []string) string {
    return strings.Join(parts, ",")
}

Go 工具链集成

基本命令

# 构建并运行
go build ./...
go run ./cmd/myapp

# 测试
go test ./...
go test -race ./...
go test -cover ./...

# 静态分析
go vet ./...
staticcheck ./...
golangci-lint run

# 模块管理
go mod tidy
go mod verify

# 格式化
gofmt -w .
goimports -w .

推荐的 Linter 配置(.golangci.yml)

linters:
  enable:
    - errcheck
    - gosimple
    - govet
    - ineffassign
    - staticcheck
    - unused
    - gofmt
    - goimports
    - misspell
    - unconvert
    - unparam

linters-settings:
  errcheck:
    check-type-assertions: true
  govet:
    check-shadowing: true

issues:
  exclude-use-default: false

快速参考:Go 惯用法

| 惯用法 | 说明 | |-------|-------------| | 接受接口,返回结构体 | 函数应当接收接口参数并返回具体类型 | | 错误即值 | 将错误视为一等公民(First-class Value),而非异常 | | 不要通过共享内存来通信 | 使用通道(Channel)进行协程间的协调 | | 让零值变得有用 | 类型应在无显式初始化的情况下即可正常工作 | | 少量的拷贝好过少量的依赖 | 避免不必要的外部依赖 | | 清晰好过巧妙 | 可读性优先于奇技淫巧 | | gofmt 虽然不是任何人的最爱,但它是每个人的朋友 | 始终使用 gofmt/goimports 进行格式化 | | 尽早返回 | 优先处理错误,使快乐路径(Happy Path)保持较浅的缩进 |

应避免的反模式(Anti-patterns)

// Bad: 长函数中的裸返回(Naked returns)
func process() (result int, err error) {
    // ... 50 行代码 ...
    return // 返回了什么?
}

// Bad: 使用 panic 进行控制流管理
func GetUser(id string) *User {
    user, err := db.Find(id)
    if err != nil {
        panic(err) // 不要这样做
    }
    return user
}

// Bad: 在结构体中传递 context
type Request struct {
    ctx context.Context // context 应该是第一个参数
    ID  string
}

// Good: context 作为第一个参数
func ProcessRequest(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
    // ...
}

// Bad: 混合使用值接收者和指针接收者
type Counter struct{ n int }
func (c Counter) Value() int { return c.n }    // 值接收者
func (c *Counter) Increment() { c.n++ }        // 指针接收者
// 请选择一种风格并保持一致

请记住:Go 代码在最好的意义上应当是“枯燥”的 —— 可预测、一致且易于理解。如有疑疑虑,请保持简单。

Source & license

This open-source skill is cataloged on AgentStack and links to its original source — we do not rehost the code.

Install and usage instructions live in the source repository linked above.

Reviews

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Versions

  • v0.1.0 Imported from the upstream source.