Sap Qm

SAP Quality Management (QM) Skill

1. Environment Intake Checklist

Before starting QM troubleshooting or configuration, collect:

• SAP Release: ECC 6.0 (SP number), S/4HANA 1909+, S/4HANA Cloud
• Deployment: On-premise (ECC/S/4 OP) | Private Cloud (RISE) | Public Cloud (SAP QMS)
• QM Activation: SPRO > SAP Customizing for Quality Management configured?
• Scope: 구매(MM) 수입검사 | 생산(PP) 공정검사 | 판매(SD) 납품검사
• Industry: 제조업(일반) | 화학 | 제약(GMP) | 식품(HACCP) | 자동차(IATF 16949)
• Quality Strategy: 100% 검사 | Sampling plan (AQL-based) | Zero-inspection (trusted supplier)
• Integration: MM-QM 구매검사 | PP-QM 공정검사 | SD-QM 납품검사 | QM-PM 통지서 연동

Skill will adapt all answers to user's specific SAP release, deployment, and industry context.

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2. Quality Planning (QP01/QP02/QP03, QS21/QS31, QDV1)

2.1 Inspection Plan Structure (검사계획)

Transaction: QP01 (Create), QP02 (Change), QP03 (Display)

Logical hierarchy:

Inspection Plan Header (PLKO)
├─ Plan Number (PLNNR): 자동 또는 수동 부여
├─ Material (PLKO-MATNR) + Plant (PLKO-WERKS)
├─ Inspection Type (PLKO-LOART):
│  ├─ 01: Purchasing (구매 입고 검사)
│  ├─ 03: Production (공정 검사)
│  ├─ 04: Sales (판매 출고 검사)
│  └─ 08/09: Recurring/Source
├─ Valid from/to (PLKO-GDATU ~ PLKO-GDATU_END)
└─ Status: 1=Created, 2=Released, 3=Locked
    └─ Inspection Operations (PLPO) — 검사 단계별
        ├─ Operation number (OPNR): 10, 20, 30...
        ├─ MICs (Master Inspection Characteristics — PLMK)
        └─ Sampling Procedure (QDV1 reference)

Key Tables:

• PLKO: Plan header (Inspection plan name, type, dates)
• PLPO: Plan operations (Operation sequencing, MIC assignment)
• PLMK: Plan-MIC assignment (QPMK reference)
• QPMK: Master Inspection Characteristics (검사특성 마스터)

한국 현장 팁: IATF 16949 대비 각 Operation마다 검사기준(Specification) 명확히 입력 필수. LSL/Target/USL 3개 다 입력.

2.2 Master Inspection Characteristics (MIC) — QS21/QS31

QS21 Transaction (Create MIC):

• MIC Code (QPMK-MERKM): 산도, 경도, 수분율, Tensile strength 등
• Type (QPMK-MERTY): 1=Quantitative (수치), 2=Qualitative (합격/불합격)
• Unit of measure (QPMK-MEINS): mg/L, HV, %, ppm
• Valuation (QPMK-BWFL): A=Automatic, B=Manual, C=Reference sample

Specification Definition (QS31 — Material에 대한 MIC 기준값):

• LSL (Lower Spec Limit): QPSP-LSL
• Target (Nominal): QPSP-ZIELW
• USL (Upper Spec Limit): QPSP-USL
• Tolerance (±): QPSP-ABWG

예시 (제약 API 수분율):

MIC Code: MOISTURE
Type: Quantitative
Unit: %
Specification:
  LSL: 1.0%
  Target: 2.5%
  USL: 5.0%
Valuation: Automatic (측정값 vs LSL/USL 자동 비교)

2.3 Sampling Procedure Configuration (QDV1)

Purpose: Lot size에 따른 샘플 크기 결정 (ISO 2859-1 AQL 기반)

Three sampling schemes:

• Single: 1차 샘플링으로 최종 판정 (Accept/Reject)
• Double: 1차 inconclusive → 2차 샘플링
• Sequential: 합격 판정될 때까지 계속 샘플링

AQL Parameters:

• AQL (Acceptable Quality Level): 예) 1.0% = 최대 1% 불량 허용
• Sample size letter (A~M): ISO 2859-1 lookup table (QPSA 테이블)
• Acceptance number (Ac): "합격" 수량
• Rejection number (Re): "불합격" 수량

Configuration Path: SPRO > QM > Quality Planning > Sampling > Define Sampling Procedure

Key Tables:

• QPSA: Sampling header
• QPSX: Sampling level (Normal/Tightened/Reduced)

한국 자동차: 보통 AQL 2.5% or 4.0% (supplier 신뢰도에 따라 분화)

2.4 Dynamic Modification Rules (QDR1)

목적: 연속 검사 결과에 따라 샘플 크기 동적 조정

Transition Rules:

• Normal → Tightened: N개 불합격 로트 발견 시 (예: 5회)
• Tightened → Normal: M개 연속 합격 로트 (예: 5회)
• Normal → Reduced: K개 연속 합격 + 조건 만족 시 (예: 25회)
• Reduced → Normal: 불합격 또는 OOS 검출

설정 예:

Tightened entry: 불합격 횟수 = 5
Tightened exit: 합격 횟수 = 5
Reduced entry: 합격 횟수 = 25 AND 불합격률  QM > Quality Control > Define Control Chart

Chart Types:

• X-bar & R chart: 연속 공정 (mean ± std dev tracking)
• p-chart: Proportion defective (불량률 추적)
• c-chart: Defect count (결함 개수)

Triggers:

• 관리한계(Control limit) 벗어남 → QM notification 자동 생성
• 추세(Trend): 8개 연속 point가 center line 한쪽 → 경고
• Rule violations → Root cause investigation 유도

생산 현장 활용: 공정능력(Cpk) 사전 평가 후 매 로트마다 모니터링 — 즉시 이상 감지

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4. Usage Decision (QA11/QA12/QA13)

4.1 UD Creation & Codes

Transactions:

• QA11: Create Usage Decision
• QA12: Change
• QA13: Display

UD Codes (최종 판정):

• A: Accept (합격) — 재고로 입고 가능, 다음 공정/판매 진행
• R: Reject (불합격) — 재고 차단, 반품/폐기 예정
• B: Conditional (조건부) — 고객 승인 대기 또는 재작업
• S: Return to supplier (공급사 반송 — 수입검사 Type 01에서만)

UD Creation Flow:

QA11:
├─ Select Inspection Lot (QALS-LOSNR)
├─ System shows all MIC results (QASR 요약)
├─ Judge UD Code:
│  ├─ All MIC pass + No defects → "A" (Auto-recommend)
│  ├─ Any MIC fail OR Defects found → "R"
│  └─ Marginal case → "B" (with reason text)
├─ Optional: Partial acceptance (Accepted qty ≠ Lot qty)
└─ Save (QAVE 테이블)

Key Table: QAVE (Usage Decision record)

4.2 Post-UD Actions (Follow-up Processing)

Accept (A) → Stock Posting:

MIGO blocked GR → Auto-completed
↓
Inventory: Material received into active stock
↓
Next process (Production consume, Sales ship) can proceed

Reject (R) → Stock Management:

QALS → QAVE (UD=R)
↓
Blocked stock (QMSL, 품질보류 재고)
↓
Options:
├─ Scrap posting (MIGO Scrap)
├─ Return to supplier (Vendor credit memo)
└─ Rework (if internally caused failure)

Conditional (B) → Quality Hold:

QAVE (UD=B, reason= "고객확인대기")
↓
Stock in Quality Hold (QM block)
↓
Customer approval → Update UD to "A" → GR completes
   OR Denial → Change to "R" → Scrap

Quality Notification Trigger (자동):

If UD = R:
  → QM01 자동 생성 (Customizing 설정)
  → Defect history 기록
  → Supplier evaluation score 반영

4.3 Partial Lot Acceptance (부분 합격)

Scenario: 100개 로트 → 98개 OK, 2개 불량

QA11 Handling:

QA11:
├─ Select QALS (Qty=100)
├─ UD Code = "A" (Accept partial)
├─ Enter "Accepted qty" = 98
├─ Enter "Rejected qty" = 2
└─ Save
    ↓
MIGO posting: +98 to active stock, +2 to blocked stock
    ↓
결과: 총 100개 중 98개만 사용 가능 (GR 재무 기장도 98개 기준)

Key Field: QAVE-MNGEA (Accepted qty), QAVE-MNGEB (Rejected qty)

4.4 Automatic UD Processing (QA32)

Purpose: 검사 완료되었으나 UD 수동 미생성 로트 자동 판정

설정:

SPRO > QM > Quality Inspection > Inspection Lot > 
  Define Automatic Usage Decision
    ↓
Rule 설정:
├─ All samples passed AND no defects → Auto "A"
├─ Any sample failed OR Defects → Auto "R"
└─ Automatic update flag = X

QA32 실행:

QA32 Report:
├─ Selection: Lot status 04 (Results recorded, UD pending)
├─ Execute → Background job
└─ Result: UD records created for matching lots

생산 관점: 월마감 전 일괄 처리로 미결 검사로트 정리

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5. Quality Notification (QM01/QM02/QM03)

5.1 Notification Structure & Types

Transactions:

• QM01: Create Notification
• QM02: Change
• QM03: Display

Notification Types (QMEL-QMART):

• Q1: Customer Complaint (고객 클레임)
• Q2: Internal QM (내부 품질 문제, 불합격 로트 등)
• Q3: Vendor (공급사 품질 불량)
• L1: General Complaint (총괄)

Typical Triggers:

• QA11 UD=R → Auto-create Q2
• Customer call → Manual create Q1
• Source inspection fail → Manual create Q3

5.2 8D Methodology → SAP Fields

8D 단계별 SAP 매핑:

| 8D Step | SAP Field | T-code | 설명 | |---------|-----------|--------|------| | 1. Team | QMEL-QMNUM + Task assignment | QM01 → QMMA | 담당자 지정 | | 2. Problem | QMTXT (Free text), Attachment (QMMA-FILES) | QM01 | 문제 상세 기술 | | 3. Containment | Task (QMMA-ASNR) URGENT | QM01 | 즉시 대응 기한 설정 | | 4. Root Cause | Defect code (QMFE-MFEHL) + free text | QM01 → QMFE | RCA 분석 결과 기록 | | 5. Corrective Action | Task (APTY="Corrective") | QM01 → QMMA | CA 태스크 생성 | | 6. Implementation | Task status (TSTA) tracking | QMMA → status change | 진행 추적 | | 7. Verification | Re-inspection results (QE01) | QA01/QE01 → QASR | 재검사 증빙 | | 8. Closure | QMEL-QMSTAT = "E" (Closed) | QM02 | 통보 종료 |

5.3 Defect & Root Cause Entry (QMFE table)

QM01 → Defects Tab:

QMFE Entry:
├─ Defect code (MFEHL): SAP-정의된 코드 lookup
│  예) CRACK, DISCOLORATION, CHEMICAL_BURN, DIMENSION_OOS
├─ Defect description (free text): 추가 설명
├─ Quantity affected (FEHLM): 몇 개 유닛 영향
├─ Cause code (UAQZ):
│  ├─ O: Original (근본원인)
│  └─ I: Immediate (직접 원인)
└─ Link to related defects (if multi-cause)

예시 (제약 변색 클레임):

Defect: DISCOLORATION
Qty affected: 50 units (전체 케이스 중)
Immediate cause: Storage temperature exceeded 30°C
Root cause: Warehouse A/C malfunction
Related defect: Shelf-life reduction (expiration moved from Y+3 to Y+1)

5.4 Corrective Action Task Creation

QM01 → Activities Tab:

QMMA (Activity/Task) Creation:
├─ Activity type (APTY):
│  ├─ "Corrective" — CA task
│  ├─ "Diagnostic" — RCA investigation
│  └─ "Preventive" — Future prevention
├─ Description: "Replace warehouse A/C unit"
├─ Responsible person (AQUA): Maintenance manager
├─ Due date (FDZZ): 7 days urgency
├─ Budget code (if applicable): Cost center assignment
└─ Status (TSTA): 01=Created, 02=In progress, 03=Completed

Task Monitoring (QMMA table):

• Progress tracking (% complete)
• Evidence upload (documents, photos)
• Verification meeting schedule

5.5 Integration with PM (Production Maintenance)

Cross-module Flow:

QM Notification (Quality issue detected)
  ├─ Defect code = "Equipment malfunction"
  ├─ Task type = "Maintenance required"
  └─ Create PM Notification (Type PM, QMEL-QMART)
      ↓
PM01 Maintenance notification created
      ↓
PM order (IW32) generated
      ↓
Maintenance execution, cost tracking
      ↓
Feedback: Equipment repaired → QM closes Q2

한국 현장: 생산 일정(PP) ↔ 설비 정비(PM) ↔ 품질 이슈(QM) 동시 조정 필요

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6. Quality Certificate (QC01/QC21)

6.1 Certificate Profile Configuration (QC01)

QC01 Transaction (Certificate profile 정의):

QC01:
├─ Certificate name/ID (예: "CoA_PHARMA_ENG_v2")
├─ Material assignment (특정 material에만 cert 발행)
├─ Certification rule:
│  ├─ Automatic: 모든 delivery마다 자동 생성
│  ├─ Manual: QC21에서 수동 생성
│  └─ On-demand: 고객 요청 시만
├─ Language variant (EN, DE, ZH, KO 등)
├─ Form/Template: SMARTFORM (ZQC_*) 또는 Adobe Forms
└─ Archive setting: E-signature required?

Key Fields:

• ZQCMO-VRSNO: Version tracking (변경 이력)
• ZQCMO-SPRACHE: Language code (EN, DE 등)
• ZQCMO-FMNAME: Form name (출력 양식)

6.2 Certificate of Analysis (CoA) Content & Generation

CoA 구성:

Header Section:
├─ Company: 법인명, 주소
├─ Material: 제품명, 규격 코드
├─ Lot/Batch: 로트번호, 유효기간
└─ MFG Date, Expiry Date

Test Results Table:
├─ Characteristic (MIC code)
├─ Specification (LSL-Target-USL)
├─ Test result (실제 측정값)
├─ Unit of measure
├─ Status (Pass/Fail ✓/✗)
└─ Test date, Lab ID

Footer:
├─ Authorized signature block
├─ QA Manager stamp
├─ Archive reference
└─ QM lot number (추적용)

Generation Methods:

1. Manual (QC21):

`` QC21: ├─ Select QM Lot (QALS-LOSNR) ├─ System retrieves QASR results ├─ Generate PDF (SMARTFORM or Adobe) └─ Save to DMS or Email to customer ``

1. Automatic (Delivery):

`` SD Delivery (Packing stage) ├─ Check certificate requirement (QC01 flag) ├─ Link to QM lot UD (if type 04 inspection) ├─ Auto-trigger QC21 if UD=A └─ Attach to output (NAST message) ``

Key Tables:

• ZQCMO: Certificate master
• ZQCDR: Certificate data records (실제 인증서 발급 기록)

6.3 Outbound Certificate at Delivery (배송 인증서)

Process Flow (SD → QC21):

Sales Order (SO) → Delivery (Picking/Packing)
    ↓
QM Lot (Type 04, GI Inspection) UD = "A" ?
    ↓ YES
Execute QC21 automatically (Customizing)
    ↓
Generate CoA PDF → Archive + Email to customer
    ↓
NAST (Message configuration) — Invoice와 함께 첨부
    ↓
Customer receives: Packing note + CoA + Invoice

NAST Configuration (Output 설정):

NAST T-code:
├─ Application: V3 (Sales & Shipping)
├─ Message type: RD (Delivery note) or INVOICE
├─ Form: ZQC_COA (Certificate form)
├─ Trigger: 10 = Post goods issue
├─ Medium: 1=Print, 2=Email, 5=Archive
└─ Output program: RLQC_QC21_OUTPUT (standard SAP report)

생산 관점: 납품 직전 자동화로 수동 CoA 생성 일 감소

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7. QM-MM Integration (구매/수입검사)

7.1 Quality Info Record (QI01/QI02/QI03)

Purpose: 공급사별, Material별 품질 관리 정책 정의

QI01 Create:

QI01:
├─ Supplier (LIFNR)
├─ Material (MATNR)
├─ Inspection plan (PLNNR reference) — source inspection plan
├─ Quantity exemption (QE): 이 수량 이상만 검사 필수
├─ Inspection control code (QZGTP):
│  ├─ 01: Inspection mandatory
│  ├─ 02: 100% inspection (까다로운 supplier)
│  └─ 03: No inspection (trusted source)
├─ Certificate requirement (INFE): CoA 필수?
└─ Quality weighting (GEWBP): 공급사 평가 가중치

Key Table: EINE (Info Record vendor-specific)

예시 (신규 공급사 vs 우수 공급사):

Scenario 1: New supplier X
├─ Inspection plan: Standard (Type 01, AQL 2.5%)
├─ Certificate required: Yes
├─ Qty exemption: 0 (모든 로트)
├─ Control code: 01 (Mandatory)

Scenario 2: Preferred supplier Y (IATF 16949 certified)
├─ Inspection plan: Reduced (AQL 6.5%)
├─ Certificate required: No
├─ Qty exemption: 1000 (1000개 이상만 검사)
├─ Control code: 03 (No inspection)

7.2 Vendor Evaluation (공급사 평가 — ME61)

Scoring Model (공급사 점수):

• Quality score: (Accepted lots / Total lots) × 100 [%]
• Delivery score: On-time delivery %
• Price performance: Quoted price vs actual cost variance

SAP Calculation:

Quality score = Sum(QAVE UD="A") / Count(QAVE) × 100

Example:
├─ Total QM lots: 20
├─ Accepted (UD=A): 19
├─ Rejected (UD=R): 1
└─ Quality score = 19/20 × 100 = 95%

Impact on Sourcing:

Quality score tracking (ME61):
├─ > 98% → Preferred supplier, Reduced inspection
├─ 95-98% → Standard supplier, Normal inspection
├─  500 MPa)"
    ↓
SAP batch determination:
├─ Query batch characteristics in CHVW
├─ Filter: Batches with Tensile > 500 MPa
├─ Link to QM lot (QALS) to verify test date freshness
└─ Auto-assign batch to sales order

생산 관점: 품질 등급화로 다양한 customer requirement 대응

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9. ECC vs S/4HANA — Quality Management Differences

| 기능 | ECC 6.0 (SP최신) | S/4HANA 1909+ | S/4HANA Cloud | 주요 변경 | |------|---|---|---|---| | QM Master T-codes | QA01-QA13, QE01, QC01 | 동일 (GUI) | Fiori-only | Web-based UX | | Inspection Planning | QP01-QP03 (GUI) | QP01-QP03 + Fiori (F5370) | F5370 only | Mobile-first | | Results Recording | QE01, QE05N (부분 Fiori) | QE51N (Mobile-optimized) | QE51N PWA | Mobile 우선순위 | | Automatic UD | QA32 batch job | QA32 + Fiori (F5434) | F5434 Fiori | User-driven UI | | SPC/Analytics | Manual QCCP lookup | SAP Analytics Cloud link | Embedded BI | Predictive QM | | Document Management | Attachment (QMMA file) | SAP Content Server, Embedded storage | Cloud storage | Digitization | | Workflow | SAP Workflow (WF-BATCH) | Fiori workflow tiles | Cloud workflow | User-friendly | | Certificate (CoA) | SMARTFORMS (ZQC_*) | Adobe Forms + SMARTFORMS | Adobe Forms Native | E-signature 지원 | | Supplier Portal | Not integrated | SCP (Cloud Platform) connector | Built-in supplier portal | Real-time visibility | | ML/AI | Custom ABAP only | SAP Analytics Cloud ML | Embedded ML (anomaly) | Autonomous QM | | Integration | RFC/IDOC (custom) | OData API + Analytics API | REST/GraphQL | Microservices | | Real-time Reporting | BW cube (scheduled) | Embedded analytics (live) | Live dashboards (HANA) | HANA speed |

Key S/4HANA Simplifications (단순화):

1. Simplified Inspection Lot: 결과 직접 UD 판정 (중간 단계 축소)
2. Embedded Quality Dashboard: BI 도구 불필요
3. Fiori-first UX: GUI transaction 단계적 폐지 (2026년 이후)
4. Real-time Compliance: 검사 완료 즉시 규제 보고 가능

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10. Korean Industry & Regulatory Context

10.1 ISO 9001:2015 + IATF 16949 (자동차 심사 기준)

ISO 9001 → SAP QM Mapping:

• Clause 8.6 (Quality evaluation): Inspection Plan (QP01-03), Sampling (QDV1) ✓
• Clause 8.2.3 (Conformance confirmation): UD judgment (QA11-13) ✓
• Clause 8.3 (Non-conforming product): Quality Notification (QM01) ✓

IATF 16949 (자동차 부품) — Auditor 체크리스트:

1. FMEA 추적: Defect code (QMFE) → FMEA ID 매핑 가능?
2. Control Plan 문서: QP01 output과 Control Plan 동일성?
3. Traceability: Lot/Batch → QM lot → Supplier/MFG date 추적 가

…

Source & license

This open-source skill is cataloged on AgentStack and links to its original source — we do not rehost the code.

• Author: BoxLogoDev
• Source: BoxLogoDev/sapstack
• License: MIT

Install and usage instructions live in the source repository linked above.